Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ( German : Albert Einstein ; 14 March 187 9 - 18 April 1955) was a world-famous theoretical physicist known for the theory of relativity and mass-energy equation E = mc 2 . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for the discovery of theoretical physics, especially light-emitting electrification .
Einstein contributed a lot with general relativity (1905) and principles of general relativity (1916). Relative universe-in his other contributions, Keshikiy speed, critical Upchchhaya, problems of statistical mechanics, molecularBrownian motion, Utprivrttn probability of molecules, quantum theory of a molecule of gas, thermal properties of low radiation density of light, the theory of radiation, Integrated area theory and geometry of physics involved. Einstein wrote more than fifty research papers and books separate from science. In 1999, Time Magazine declared the Century-Male. According to a survey they were considered the greatest scientists of all time.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers. On December 5, 2014, universities and archives announced the display of more than 30,000 unique documents and letters of Einstein. Einstein's intellectual achievements and singularity have made the term "Einstein" synonymous with "intelligent". [2]
Sequence
Biography [ edit ]
Childhood and education [ edit ]
Albert Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Württemberg in Germany. His father was an engineer and salesman. His mother was Pauline Einstein. Although Einstein had difficulty speaking initially, but he was not better at studies. His mother tongue was German and later he also learned Italian and English.
In 1880, his family moved to Munich , where his father and uncle together formed the company called "Elektronic Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie", which made electric appliances. And it also arranged for the first time in Munich's Oktoberfest Fair. His family did not consider Jewish religious traditions, and for this reason Einstein could go to Catholic school. At the behest of his mother, he learned to play Sarangi. He did not like it and later dropped it, but later he enjoyed very much joy in Mozart's Sarongi music.
In 1894, his father's company could not find an agreement to supply electricity to the city of Munich. Due to the loss due to which he had to sell his company. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy , where they first met Milan and then settled in Pavia city a few months later. Einstein remained in Munich only to complete his studies even after the family got to go. In late December 1894, he traveled to Italy to meet his family in Pavia. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay titled "Investigation of the state of ethereal in a magnetic field".
Scientific tenure [ edit ]
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. He published more than 300 scientific and 150 non-scientific research papers. In his lecture in 1965, Oppenheimer noted that Einstein's early writing had many errors, due to which his publication had delayed about ten years: "A man whose errors only take a long time to correct, How great would be " [3] He also collaborated with other scientists other than his own, including Bose Einstein's statistics, Einstein refrigerator and many others. [4]
1905-Adher Mirabilis Papers [ edit ]
Submergilys papers belong to four articles, which Einstein published in 1905 in a scientific journal Onlan der Physic, which included the photovoltaic effects (which gave birth to quantum theory), Brownian motion, special relativity, and E = mc2 . These four articles have contributed greatly to the foundation of modern physics and have changed the thinking of people on space, time and material. These four papers are:
| Title (Translated) | Meditation area | Approved | Published | Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regarding an approximate approach to the production and change of light | photoelectric effect | March 18 | 9th June | One suggestion is that only discrete volumes of energy are exchanged. Who solved an unsolved puzzle. [5] This idea became decisive for the initial development of the quantum theory. [6] |
| At the speed of the small particles suspended in a constant liquid, the molecular kinetic theory of heat required | Brownian motion | May 11 | July 18 | Explained an experimental evidence for nuclear theory , support for the application of statistical physics . |
| On the power dynamics of the moving particles (electrodynamics) | Special relativity | 30th June | September 26 | Maxwell's equation for electrical and magnetism and the principle of mechanics, reconciliation, in the aftermath of major changes in mechanics, near the speed of light. [7] Unbelief of another concept "luminiferous ether". [8] |
| Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content? | Mass-energy equivalence | September 27 | November 21st | Matter and energy equivalence, E = MC 2 by the implications of the potential of gravity for tilt (and light), "the existence of rest energy", and on the basis of nuclear energy. |
Thermodynamics instability and statistical physics [ edit ]
In 1900, Einstein & # 39; s first paper was presented on "capillary attraction", presented to Onalen Der Physik. [9] It was published in 1901 with the title "Conclusions from Capillary Incident." In 1902-1903, two letters (on thermodynamics) were interpreted by the statistical interpretation of the atomic event, The foundations were made for the paper on the 1905 Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian motion can be used as solid proof for the presence of molecules. In 1903 and 1904, his research was primarily used to disseminate Are related to the finite effect of atomic size on accident.
Principle of relativity [ edit ]
He expressed the theory of relativity According to Herman Minkowski, it is known for the generalization of alternativity between space-time from space to alternating change. Other theories that were made by Einstein and proved later, were later included in the theory of equality and the principles of common generalization of quantum numbers.
Principles of Relativity and E = mc² [ edit ]
The research paper on Einstein's "Electricity Dynamics of Running Bodies" was completed on June 30, 1905, and was published on September 26 of the same year. It determines the harmony between Maxwell's equation of power and magnetism and the mechanics of mechanics, after a major change in mechanics near the speed of light . This was later known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.
The conclusion was that, in space-space, moving objects, slow and compressed (in the direction of motion) are seen, when it is measured in the supervisor's framework. In this research paper also argued that the idea of luminiferous ether (the most important theory in physics at that time) was more than necessary.
In his paper on mass-energy equivalence, Einstein created E = mc² from special relativity equations. Research from Einstein's relativity since 1905 remained controversial for many years, though it was accepted by many leading physicists such as Max Planck . [10]
Photon and energy quanta [ edit ]
In a letter of 1905, Einstein stated that light is made of local particles (quantum) itself. Einstein's light quanta hypothesis was rejected by almost all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. With a detailed experiment on the use of Robert Millinkan's photovoltaic effect , and the measurement of the fragmentation of Compton, this hypothesis was universally accepted in 1919.
Einstein concludes that every wave of frequency (f) is associated with the collection of each photon of energy (hf) (where h is the constant Planck). They did not say much about this because they were not convinced how particles were related to the waves. But he has suggested, that this hypothesis can be explained by some experimental results, which was later called the light-energy effect in particular.
Quantaged nuclear vibrations [ edit ]
In 1907, Einstein proposed a model, that each atom oscillates independently in a forged structure. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently, Einstein knew that the frequency of actual oscillations is different but still proposed this theory, because it was a clear demonstration of how quantum mechanics, specific heat in traditional mechanics Can solve the problem. Peter Debbie refined this model. [11]
Stable theory and move-angle variables [ edit ]
During the 1910s, it expanded to bring different systems to the realm of quantum mechanics. After the discovery of Ernest Rutherford 's nucleus, and after the resolution that the electrons roam the orbit in the same way as the planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the atomic motion of electrons in the atoms of the elements through the quantum mechanization developed by Planck and developed by Einstein And the periodic table of elements can be explained.
By combining Wilhelm Vianna's logic of 1898, Einstein contributed to its development. Vienna showed that, all the black curves can be derived from each other by a simple transfer process at different temperatures from the hypothesis of the static transformation of a thermal equilibrium state. In 1911, Einstein found that the same sammonic theory shows that the quantity which is quantitative in any mechanical speed should be a constant irreversible. Arnold Summerfield identified the sampling irreversible as the dynamic variable in the traditional mechanics.
Wave-particle dualism [ edit ]
According to this principle-
- The atoms present in the substance behave like both the wave and the particle.
Albert Einstein has been a major contributor to this topic.
Non-scientific heritage [ edit ]
Private letter [ edit ]
While traveling, Einstein used to write letters to his wife Elsa and adoptive daughter Kaduni Margot and Ilse. These letters can be seen in The Hebrew University . Margot Einstein allowed these private letters to be made available to the public, but also requested that it should not be done until twenty years after his death (his death took place in 1955). [12] ) Einstein expressed his interest in the plumber's profession and was made an honorary member of Plumber and Steamfitter's Union. [13] [14] Barbera Wolf of The Albert Einstein Archives of Hebrew University told the BBC that there are about 3500 letters of personal correspondence between 1912 and 1955. [15]
Meeting with Rabindranath Thakur [ edit ]
On July 14, 1930, Einstein met with the great Indian writer, mystic and Nobel laureate Gurudev Rabindranath Thakur in Berlin. One of the great scientists of the time representing the logical ideology of the West and a great thinker and a devotee representing this religious ideology of the past and this dialogue between the poet and his dialogue is considered to be a unique heritage of history. [16] [17]
Personal life [ edit ]
Civil Rights Supporters [ edit ]
Einstein was a passionate, committed anti-racist, and was also a member of the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) institution in Princeton, where he also participated in campaign for civil rights of African Americans. They considered racism to be the "worst disease" of America, [18] at the time of his participation, he was a civil rights worker, W. E. B. Du Bois became involved, and in one of his lawsuits in 1951 he was ready to testify on behalf of him. [19] When Einstein offered to be a witness to the character of Doo Bois, the judge decided to dismiss the lawsuit.
In 1946, Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, which was a historic black college, where he was honored with an honorary degree (which was the first university of the United States to give college degrees to African Americans). Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, he said, "I have no intention of being silent about it." [20] A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein ever paid college fees for black students. [21]
Other events [ edit ]
Prior to World War II, a newspaper published a brief description in one of its columns that Einstein was known so well in America that people stopped him on the road and asked for the interpretation of his theory. After all, he figured out a way to avoid this continuous inquiry. They say to them, "Sorry! I often think Professor Einstein, but I am not." [22] Einstein has been the theme or inspiration of many novels, films, plays and music. [23] He was a favorite character for the depiction of "mad" scientists "or other amateur professors; His meaningful face and distinctive hairstyle style has been widely being copied. Frederick Golden of Time Magazine once wrote that Einstein "The dream of a cartoonist was true." [24]
Awards and honors [ edit ]
Einstein received many awards and honors, and in 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "his services for theoretical physics, and especially for the discovery of photovoltaic effect". In 1921, if any nomination did not meet the criteria set by Alfred Nobel , then the prize of 1921 was forwarded to Einstein in 1922. [25]
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