Jawaharlal Nehru Biography
Jawahar Lal Nehru
| Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Jawaharlal Nehru in 1947 | |
| Retirement of the post 15 August 1947 - 27 May 1964 | |
| King | George VI (until January 26, 1950) |
| President | Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
| Governor general | First Earl Mountbatten Chakravarty Rajgopalachari (until 26 January 1950) of Burma |
| Assistant | Vallabh Bhai Patel |
| Pre-eminent | Post office |
| Successor | Gulzarilal Nanda (executive) |
| Reinstatement of posts 31 October 1962 - 14 November 1962 | |
| Pre-eminent | VK Krishna Menon |
| Successor | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Retirement of the post of 30 January 1957 - 17 April 1957 | |
| Pre-eminent | Kailash Nath Katju |
| Successor | VK Krishna Menon |
| Retirement of the post 10 February 1953 - 10 January 1955 | |
| Pre-eminent | N Gopalaswami Ayyangar |
| Successor | Kailash Nath Katju |
| Retirement of the post 13 February 1958 - 13 March 1958 | |
| Pre-eminent | Thiruvallur Thattai Krishnamachari |
| Successor | Morarji Desai |
| Reinstatement of the post 24 July 1956 - 30 August 1956 | |
| Pre-eminent | Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh |
| Successor | Thiruvallur Thattai Krishnamachari |
| Retirement of the post 15 August 1947 - 27 May 1964 | |
| Pre-eminent | Post office |
| Successor | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| Birth | 14 November 1889 Allahabad ,northwestern province , British India (now in Uttar Pradesh , India) |
| The death | 27 May 1964 (age 74) New Delhi, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Life partner | Kamala Kaul |
| relation | View the Nehru-Gandhi family |
| children | Indira Gandhi |
| Educational affiliation | Trinity College, Cambridge Inns of Court |
| Occupation | Barrister authors politicians |
| Prize |  Bharat Ratna (1955) |
| signature |  |
Jawaharlal Nehru (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) was the first Prime Minister of India and was a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. Under the patronage of Mahatma Gandhi , he emerged as the supreme leader of the Indian independence movement , and he ruled India from 1977 till independence from the establishment of an independent nation in 1947 to his death. They are considered to be the architect of modern Indian nation-state - a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic mathematician. Because of his origin with the Kashmiri Pandit community, he used to call Pandit Nehru , while Indian children know him as Chacha Nehru .[1] [2]
Nehru was elected by the Congress to hold the post of independent India's first Prime Minister, although the question of leadership had long been solved in 1941 only when Gandhiji acknowledged Nehru as his political heir and heir. As Prime Minister, he started to realize the dream of India. The Constitution of India was enacted in 1950, after which he started an ambitious scheme of economic, social and political reforms. Mainly, cherishing a plural, multi-party democracy, he supervised the change in the Republic from a colony of India. In foreign policy, displaying India as a regional hero in South Asia, he played a leading role in Non-Aligned Movement.
Under the leadership of Nehru, the Congress has shown dominance in the national and state-level elections and won consecutive elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962, emerged as a Sarv-eclipse party. Despite his political difficulties in his last years and the failure of his leadership in the 1962 Chinese-India war, he remained popular among the people of India. In India, his birthday is celebrated as a child day .
Sequence
life
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India . His father, Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), a wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community, [3] was elected twice as president of the Indian National Congress during the independence struggle . His mother Swarooparani Thushu (1868-1938), from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family living in Lahore , [4] Motilal had the second wife and died during the first wife's delivery. Jawaharlal was the eldest of the three children, the other two girls. [5] elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi , later Became the first woman president of UN General Assembly . [6] The youngest sister, Krishna Hathingh , became a notable writer and wrote several books related to her family.
Jawaharlal Nehru received education in some of the finest schools and universities of the world. He completed his schooling from Harrow and the college's education with Trinity College, Cambridge ( London ). After this he completed his law degree from the University of Cambridge . In England he spent seven years in which there developed a rational approach to the Fabian socialism and Irish nationalism.
Jawaharlal Nehru returned to India in 1912 and started advocacy. In 1916, he got married to Kamala Nehru . In 1917, Jawaharlal Nehru Home Rule League joined. His real initiation in politics came two years later in 1919 when he came in contact with Mahatma Gandhi . At that time Mahatma Gandhi started a campaign against the Rule Act . Nehru was attracted to Mahatma Gandhi's active but peaceful, civil disobedience movement .
Nehru also adopted his family as per Mahatma Gandhi 's teachings. Jawaharlal and Motilal Nehru abandoned western clothes and expensive property. They started wearing a Khadi kurta and Gandhi cap. Jawaharlal Nehru took active part in non-cooperation movement in 1920-1922 and was arrested for the first time during this period. After some months he was released.
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President of Allahabad Municipal Corporation in 1924 and served for two years as Chief Executive Officer of the city. In 1926, he resigned after referring to lack of cooperation from the British authorities.
From 1926 to 1928, Jawaharlal Nehru served as the General Secretary of All India Congress Committee. In 1928-29, the annual session of Congress was held under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru. In that session, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose supported the demand for full political freedom, while Motilal Nehru and other leaders supported the demand for the status of dominion status within the British Empire. In order to solve the issue, Gandhi took the middle path and said that Britain will be given two years to give India state status and if it does not happen then Congress will start a national struggle for full political independence. Nehru and Bose demanded that this time be reduced to one year. The British government did not respond to it.
In December 1929, the annual session of the Congress was held in Lahore in which Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President of the Congress Party. During this session, a resolution was passed which demanded 'full self-rule'. Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the flag of independent India on January 26, 1930 in Lahore. Gandhiji also called the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 . The movement was successful and it forced the British government to accept the need for major political reforms.
When the British government promulgated the India Act of 1935 , the Congress party decided to contest the elections. Nehru stayed out of the election, but campaigned for the party with a vigorous nationwide campaign. The Congress formed governments in almost every province and won the highest number of seats in the Central Assembly.
Nehru was elected president of the Congress in 1936 and 1937. He was arrested during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and was released in 1945. During the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, he made an important contribution to the talks with the British Government.
India's first Prime Minister
When India got independence in 1947, when the future Prime Minister was voted to Congress, then Sardar Patel got the most votes. After that, most votes were received by Acharya Kripalani . But on the advice of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel and Acharya Kripalani withdrew their names and Jawaharlal Nehru was made the Prime Minister.
In 1947, he became the first Prime Minister of independent India. The British had liberated nearly 500 princely states simultaneously, and the biggest challenge at that time was to bring them under a flag. They have sensibly faced every challenge emerging in the way of restructuring India. Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in the formation of modern India. He formed the Planning Commission, encouraged the development of science and technology and launched three consecutive five-year plans. Due to their policies a new era of agriculture and industry started in the country. Nehru played a major role in the development of India's foreign policy.
Jawaharlal Nehru, together with Josip Burrows Tito and Abdul Gamal Nassir , formed a non-alignment movement for the end of colonialism in Asia and Africa . They have been in the role of mediator in the solution of other international problems like ending the Korean War , solving the Suez Canal dispute and converting the Congo Agreement. In the solution of many other explosive issues such as West Berlin, Austria and Laos, they also remained important behind the curtains. He was awarded Bharat Ratna in the year 1955 .
But Nehru could not improve India's relations with Pakistan and China. The Kashmir issue in reaching an agreement with Pakistan and border disputes in friendship with China proved to be the path of paths. Nehru also increased the hand of friendship towards China, but in 1962, China invaded by fraud. This was a major setback for Nehru and perhaps his death was also due to this. On May 27, 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru suffered a heart attack in which he died.
Criticism
Many people think that Nehru had little contribution in the freedom struggle of India compared to other leaders, yet Gandhiji made him the first Prime Minister of India . For many decades after independence, the formulas of power in Indian democracy changed the country into a monarchy , replacing the ideology of the person, worshiped the person and completely disregarded the people's interest in the halo of so-called popularity.
Nehru is known as Mahatma Gandhi 's political successor. Gandhi also blames the allegation that he is going to promote Nehru in politics, Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelIncluding at the expense of several capable leaders. When it was thought of becoming the Congress President just before independence and it was believed that the Congress President would be the first Prime Minister of India, even after ignoring the recommendations of the state Congress committees, Nehru successfully Have tried. It is a common impression that Nehru would have done not only to pursue the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi, but he also tried his best to fulfill those tasks which Gandhi himself could not complete. But the truth is the opposite. Jai Prakash Narayan, who worked as a team with NehruIn the 1978 book 'Gandhi Today' was said in the role If JP has said something about Nehru, there should be no doubt about its credibility as Nehru was close to JP and also friendship. But in spite of this, JP highlighted the drawbacks of Nehru Model. [7]
After it was revealed that independence in April 2015 Nehru twenty years the IB by Netaji made spying on relatives. [8]
Writing and publishing
Nehru ji was clearly a great writer away from all political disputes. In the political arena they are identified separately in the politicians who write down after Lokmanya Tilak . The areas of both are different, but the composition in both the writings exists in sufficient quantity.
Nehru ji was self-taught by nature He had studied great texts. Despite all the political excitement, he used to take time out for self-study. [9] As a result, the books written by him also provide a convincing proof of being composed of a study person.
Nehru ji has composed many books systematically. The solution to the scarcity of time for writing in the busiest struggling days of political life, he concluded that the long dull days of the prison should be made creative. Therefore, most of his books have been written in jail. In his writings, the composite form of a literary stirring and a historian's heart has emerged.
In the excuse of writing fictional letters to Indira Gandhi , she wrote a chapter-chapter of world history. These letters were never actually sent, but by this the simplicity of the world history and the comprehension of the comprehension of the world history was easily prepared. The Discovery of India has created a different pattern of popularity, on which the creation of a great serial from India based on a search name has also been created. [10] The well-known Manishi Sarpalli Radhakrishnan , about his autobiography My Story (An Auto Biography) believes that his autobiography, where the story of his life and struggles has been narrated without attempting to prove his self-worth or moral superiority , Is one of the most notable books of our era.[11]
In addition to these books, Nehru gave numerous lectures, wrote articles and wrote letters. To publish their 'Jawaharlal Nehru Smarak Nidhi' decided to publish a booklet. It excluded public letters, releases, etc, and selected material of sustainable importance [12] was published. Jawaharlal Nehru Literature was published in 15 volumes in English and this publication was published by the Sahitya Sahitya Mandal in Hindi, in 11 volumes.
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